The Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay

Genetic engineering is a way in which specific genes for an animal or plant can be extracted, and reproduced to form a new animal or plant. These new organisms will express the required trait for that gene. This practice is a very controversial topic within the scientific world. It is being implemented in various areas such as agriculture even though there are many alternatives that can be found for genetic engineered crops, such as organic materials and reducing leeching of the soil. The controversy regarding this practice occurs as it is believed to contribute both negative and positive implications and dangers, not only to oneself but the environment as a whole. Genetic engineering increases the agricultural economy, the yields of†¦show more content†¦This however is not always the case, as China experienced a great loss in cotton production. The introduction of a Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) cotton changed the ecosystem in such a way that pests, which were normally not se nsitive to the Bt toxin began thriving in the cotton fields (Pelletier, 2010). This caused an increase in the use of pesticides which either leveled or decreased production rates. This caused most farmers, especially in commercialized agriculture to believe that yields are leveling off because the maximum yield potential of current varieties is being approached, and therefore genetic engineering must be applied (Altieri, 2004). The practice is a greatly industrialized one, as most genetic engineering in agriculture is being done by large transnational corporations. They are said to only be developing products for farmers in rich countries who can afford to pay high prices for seed (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2002). The crops of interest to theses farmers are field crops like corn, soybeans, and cotton, and fruits like tomatoes and cantaloupes. As this is a growing industry that is what the agricultural biotechnology industry is providing. Only a selected few will be able to produce the crops on a wide basis.â€Å"These products are of virtually no value to hungry farmers in Africa, who cannot afford theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Agribiotechnology is the study of making altered agricultural products. Agribusiness is trying to alter the genes of already existing products to try to enhance the biocompetitiveness and adaptability of crops by enhancing plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. They are going to try to enhance their growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition. The old way of doing this was through selectiveRead MoreEssay about Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?992 Words   |  4 PagesShould Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law? â€Å"Just as the success of a corporate body in making money need not set the human condition ahead, neither does every scientific advance automatically make our lives more meaningful† ( Professor George Wald, Noble Prize winning biologist, The Dangers of Genetic Engineeering 1976, p.45) . Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes. It uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter theRead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Are Dangerous Or Bad For Our Citizen s Health1025 Words   |  5 Pagesscientists have been working on developing new forms of technology regarding genetic modification. This involves the transfer of genes from one plant or animal, to another similar specimen. Furthermore, with the help of genetically modified organisms, scientists are now able to help prevent pollution, increase crop productivity, as well as aid in medicinal purposes. To begin, due to a past study that linked genetic engineering to the following possibilities such as stomach inflammation, the transferRead MoreEssay about Genetically Engineered Crops1506 Words   |  7 Pageswe could still greatly damage our ecosystems. The cause of this is simply because of the technological pollution caused by the use of genetically engineered crops. These plants are different in that they have had genes inserted into their genetic code, giving them added traits which are suppose to aid them in producing greater yield or defending against insects and disease, amongst other benefits. But their benefits are short-sighted; people around the world will eventually sufferRead MoreBiotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods1698 Words   |  7 Pagesto identify an individual), DNA cloning, IVF (in vitro fertilisation – conceiving a baby outside of the body), designer babies (baby whose genetic make-up has been specifically selected), transgenesis (introducing foreign genes into an organism), genome analysis, genetic modification (including genetically modified foods), stem cell research, tissue engineering (improving or replacing tissues) and also xenotransplantation (transporting organs or tissues between two different species). In forensicsRead MoreThe Food Industry And Industrialization Of Agriculture1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe corporate food industry and industrialization of agriculture today have revolutionized the growing and buying of food for farmers and consumers. To see how it has transformed the system, one can look at the effects industrial agriculture has caused. Economically, it creates million of jobs that keep people employed and keeps food affordable, but has regrettably created subsidies too. In terms of health, mass production of agriculture has created new health risks that endanger the lives of bothRead MoreApplication Of Genetic Engineering On The World1606 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Genetic Engineering on Taro Adam Mohamed 10/23/2015 Introduction The field of genetic engineering is very promising, pertaining to the future of agriculture around the world. Research in this area is allowing for more and more improvements to the various aspects of a crop such as yield, visual quality, taste, nutritional value, disease immunity, and cold resistance, as well as many other benefits. A further understanding of both the genetics of crops and how to influenceRead MoreControvercy Over Genetic Engineering782 Words   |  3 Pages Genetic engineering is the use of various methods to manipulate the DNA of cells to change hereditary traits or produce biological products. The development of genetic engineering was discovered in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. However, type II restriction enzymes, which are essential to genetic engineering for their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at random sites), were not identified until 1969, when theRead MoreAnaly zing Genetic Modification And Gene Technology1279 Words   |  6 PagesSource- Analysis of sources Credibility This article is highly credible as the author of the article is a well-known and has spent years researching genetic modification and gene technology therefore it is expected to have some credibility. The credibility of the publishers cannot be guaranteed as it is not a very well-known publishing company. There is evidence of cross referencing and the article has been updated so it contains up to date information. Bias This article is partially biased The Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay The Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Agribiotechnology is the study of making altered agricultural products. Agribusiness is trying to alter the genes of already existing products to try to enhance the biocompetitiveness and adaptability of crops by enhancing plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. They are going to try to enhance their growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition. The old way of doing this was through selective breeding, special fertilizer, and hormones. This seems now somewhat outdated with today’s technology. Genetic engineering comes with many downfalls. Increased production through genetic engineering could exhaust nonrenewable resources more†¦show more content†¦This is a common bacterium on plants that causes frost to form on them. The lipoprotein coating of this bacterium is blown from the plants and soil into the atmosphere. Once in the upper atmospheric regions, these particles act as nuclei around which water collects and freezes to form ice. Some scientists consider this process absolutely essential for rain to fall. Genetic engineers are working on a strain of P. syringae that would not form frost on plants. Some scientists are concerned that these strains could conceivably cause serious climatic perturbations that inhibit rainfall and cause drought. Farmer’s fields are not the only places that are threatened. Scientists are looking for a way to destroy lignin, an organic substance that makes trees rigid, by use of a genetically engineered enzyme. They believe that it would be of use to clean up the effluent form paper mills or for decomposing biological material for energy. This poses a threat to forests because it could destroy massive amounts of them by eating away their lignin. We could end up with no trees. Engineers could try to create organisms with a â€Å"suicide† gene so they only live for a very short time, but they would be alive long enough to do damage. These engineers and busi nesses, like Pioneer, Sandoz, Imperial Chemical Industries, Dow, Ciba-Geigy, Monsanto, Upjohn, Elanco, and Pitman-Moore to name the leading corporations in agribiotechnology, don’t understand the impact that these engineeredShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering is a way in which specific genes for an animal or plant can be extracted, and reproduced to form a new animal or plant. These new organisms will express the required trait for that gene. This practice is a very controversial topic within the scientific world. It is being implemented in various areas such as agriculture even though there are many alternatives that can be found for genetic engineered crops, such as organic materials and reducing leeching of the soil. The controversyRead MoreEssay about Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?992 Words   |  4 PagesShould Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law? â€Å"Just as the success of a corporate body in making money need not set the human condition ahead, neither does every scientific advance automatically make our lives more meaningful† ( Professor George Wald, Noble Prize winning biologist, The Dangers of Genetic Engineeering 1976, p.45) . Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes. It uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter theRead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Are Dangerous Or Bad For Our Citizen s Health1025 Words   |  5 Pagesscientists have been working on developing new forms of technology regarding genetic modification. This involves the transfer of genes from one plant or animal, to another similar specimen. Furthermore, with the help of genetically modified organisms, scientists are now able to help prevent pollution, increase crop productivity, as well as aid in medicinal purposes. To begin, due to a past study that linked genetic engineering to the following possibilities such as stomach inflammation, the transferRead MoreEssay about Genetically Engineered Crops1506 Words   |  7 Pageswe could still greatly damage our ecosystems. The cause of this is simply because of the technological pollution caused by the use of genetically engineered crops. These plants are different in that they have had genes inserted into their genetic code, giving them added traits which are suppose to aid them in producing greater yield or defending against insects and disease, amongst other benefits. But their benefits are short-sighted; people around the world will eventually sufferRead MoreBiotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods1698 Words   |  7 Pagesto identify an individual), DNA cloning, IVF (in vitro fertilisation – conceiving a baby outside of the body), designer babies (baby whose genetic make-up has been specifically selected), transgenesis (introducing foreign genes into an organism), genome analysis, genetic modification (including genetically modified foods), stem cell research, tissue engineering (improving or replacing tissues) and also xenotransplantation (transporting organs or tissues between two different species). In forensicsRead MoreThe Food Industry And Industrialization Of Agriculture1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe corporate food industry and industrialization of agriculture today have revolutionized the growing and buying of food for farmers and consumers. To see how it has transformed the system, one can look at the effects industrial agriculture has caused. Economically, it creates million of jobs that keep people employed and keeps food affordable, but has regrettably created subsidies too. In terms of health, mass production of agriculture has created new health risks that endanger the lives of bothRead MoreApplication Of Genetic Engineering On The World1606 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Genetic Engineering on Taro Adam Mohamed 10/23/2015 Introduction The field of genetic engineering is very promising, pertaining to the future of agriculture around the world. Research in this area is allowing for more and more improvements to the various aspects of a crop such as yield, visual quality, taste, nutritional value, disease immunity, and cold resistance, as well as many other benefits. A further understanding of both the genetics of crops and how to influenceRead MoreControvercy Over Genetic Engineering782 Words   |  3 Pages Genetic engineering is the use of various methods to manipulate the DNA of cells to change hereditary traits or produce biological products. The development of genetic engineering was discovered in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. However, type II restriction enzymes, which are essential to genetic engineering for their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at random sites), were not identified until 1969, when theRead MoreAnaly zing Genetic Modification And Gene Technology1279 Words   |  6 PagesSource- Analysis of sources Credibility This article is highly credible as the author of the article is a well-known and has spent years researching genetic modification and gene technology therefore it is expected to have some credibility. The credibility of the publishers cannot be guaranteed as it is not a very well-known publishing company. There is evidence of cross referencing and the article has been updated so it contains up to date information. Bias This article is partially biased

Poetry Analysis Jabberwocky Free Essays

Give some ex. males. Very realistic and descriptive imagery. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry Analysis Jabberwocky or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘The furious Bandleader’s† 9. Does the poem have meter? If so, what is it? NO. 10. Does your poem have a rhyme scheme? Ifs, what sit? The lilting rhythm Of â€Å"Jawbreakers† helps the narrator’s cause. It makes the p memo easy to remember, and it keeps the story moving forward at a regular clip. 1 1 . What other sound devices(alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia) have be en included byte poet? Give examples of each. All the exclamation points in the middle are what give our storyteller his cues to gesticulate wildly at us while relaying the epic battle, and so even though the rhythm stay s constant, we have some good changes in volume. † Beware the Jawbreaker my son! † â€Å"A d burbled as it came! † 12. What figures of speech are included ( metaphor,simile, personification, why parole, metonymy, apostrophe, etc. )? Include examples and explain the effect each o en has on your understanding and appreciation of the poem. Speaking of volume, and wonderful uses onomatopoeia. Snickering! † â€Å"who piffling† â€Å"galumphing† and â€Å"chortled† 13. What is the mood Of this poem? Explain your answer. Violence, Perseverance, Men and Masculinity, Good v. Evil, and Men and the N trial World. 14. Identify words which have a connotative meaning which help to clarify the author’s tone. Explain each example. Beware the Jujube bird, and shun the furious Bandleader’s! † â€Å"He left it dead d, and with its head he went galumphing back. † 15. What is the author’s tone (his or her attitude toward the subject? He is warning and than triumphant. 16. Explain the significance of the poem’s title. To hence the fact that the poem is pure nonsense . 17. Write a paragraph in which you briefly summarize the poem. The poem begins with a description of the setting and continues into an after noon, with strange, monounsaturated milling around and making noises. Then, we have some dialogue. A father tells his son to beware of something called a â€Å"Jackbooted† hat lurks in the woods and has horrible claws and teeth. There’s also some other nasty stuff out there – the â€Å"Jujube bird† and the â€Å"Bandleader’s†. The son takes his sword and goes out looking for these creatures, and finally finds and kills the Jawbreakers. Upon r turning with the creature’s head, the father is overjoyed and they celebrate. The first s Tanta repeats, and things appear to return back to normal. 18. Based on your analysis, what do you think is the authors purpose in writing g this poem? That is, what universal truth does he/she want to share with his/ her readers (theme)? Over coming your fears. How to cite Poetry Analysis Jabberwocky, Papers

Future Challenges for Singapore Economy

Question: Discuss about the Future Challenges for Singapore Economy. Answer: Introduction: The nature of a country depends on the economic attributes that it possesses and maintains. Through this report an analysis of the economic attributes of the developed country Singapore has been discussed. The country is locally known as Singapura which means Lion City (Crane, 2016). The basic features like the amount of production in the economy, the number of labor, the growth in the GDP and also the price hike within the economy determines the economic performance of any country. Singapore is a country in the South-East Asian region which lies in between Equator and Peninsular Malaysia. It covers an area of 718 square km. It is a country where the best of both eastern and western cultures are reflected. The locals of this country are mainly Malays, Indian, European and Chinese. Singapore is shoppers paradise for its tourists and a leading business hub of the world (Crane, 2016). The country is mainly export oriented and has a large volume of skilled workforce. Trade and commerce existed in this country since British era. Though the country is highly developed but still it manages to maintain its ethnicity and tradition. Through this report the economic attributes of Singapore has been highlighted based on analysis of 3 different aspects namely, production performance, labor market issues and the trend in price level of the economy. Production performance has been seen by using the GDP growth rate and the trend in trade balance of the economy. Labor market issues has been depicted by using the unemployment rate and the price level has been analyzed by using the inflation rate of the economy for past 10 years. Analysis of Product-Output Performance: The performance of the economy on the basis of production can be analyzed by looking at the trend in the countrys GDP growth rate. In this report, Singapores GDP growth rate has been taken over the past 15 years that is from 2000 till 2015 ("GDP growth Data", 2016). The diagram below highlights the economic fluctuation faced by Singapore. The graph indicates that Singapore has also faced several sharp down turn in its economy despite the fact that its a developed nation. It has also been the victim of the global recession of 2007-08. The country faced a negative growth in its GDP in the year 2009 as an effect of the mortgage crisis of U.S. The following year saw a steep rise in its growth rate and reached the peak within the time frame chosen for analysis. The growth rate soared up to double digit of 15.24% in 2010 but the very next year again the growth rate decreased significantly ("GDP growth Data", 2016). The countrys trade performance has been seen to get a better view of the performance of production and output. Singapore started its foreign trade with the establishment of British East India Company in the early 1980s. During British colonialisation the country has served as the venue of raw material trading. Its main trading partners are USA, Japan and ASEAN. The governments strong co-ordination has helped it flourish in the trade and commerce. From the above graph it is seen that there has been fluctuations but its not as grave as the fluctuation in GDP. After the 2007 the trade balance declined to 0 million SGD. After that it again regained its position and now at present its more than 6000 million SGD (Balance of Trade, 2016). The country mainly exports its chemicals, electronic goods and services. Recently, the country has seen some downfall in the manufacturing sector and the government has been engaged in finding out the root of the problem. The government has already kept the tax rate low in the economy to induce and enhance trading activity. The government has followed the policy of removing the trade barriers and opening up the economy in the global market. Also the country has now focused on improving their products by promoting innovation and improving the research and development sector. The government also tries to attract the foreign bunch of talent by implementing an employment pass to them. To improve the productive capacity of the economy the Ministry of Manpower keeps a track on the immigrants of the country and encourages further immigration of productive labor. Analysis of Labor Market: Labor plays the most vital role in an economys production system. Any economy can grow smoothly if it has a good amount of skilled, productive labor force. The main concern of a nation lies in controlling the labor market and resolving the chaos in the same. In this report the problem of unemployment in Singapore has been focused followed by the ways in which the government of the country tries to solve the labor market issues (Manpower, 2016). The above graph as constructed from the annual data provided by Singapores Ministry of Manpower shows an interesting trend in Singapores unemployment rate. The rate increased to more than 2.5% in 2006 and then once again increased to more than 3% in between the period 2008-2010 (Manpower, 2016). The rise in unemployment during this period can be explained as the effect of recession that took place globally during 2007-08. Singapores average rate of unemployment over these 10 year span remained around 2%. This minor amount of inflation is considered as NAIRU and is good for any economy. Recently, it has been seen that Singapore is facing some issues in the labor market. Data suggests that the older people who once lost their jobs during recession still bear the burden of recession. At the same time its seen that younger ones are getting jobs as reflected by the decrease in job search in Singapore ( TodayOnline, 2016). According to Straits times of 2014, the wage rate of the then existing labor market grew sluggishly despite the fact that there has been high demand for workers. The sluggish wage rate continued to exist as there has been low productivity of the labors for some time which gave the authority no incentive to increase their employers wage (MIN, 2015). According to Ministry of Manpower, Singapore can expect a shrinkage of its labor market in various sectors namely, manufacturing, engineering and transport. Singapore had bountiful expansion in its economy such that per capita GDP during 2013 exceeded the PCGDP of capital giants like USA and UK. The growth o f the economy has been mainly contributed by the foreign residents but suddenly the government decided to reduce and tighten the number of foreign labor hiring of the country. (Manpower, 2016). The companies based on Singapore hired around 95,000 local employers in 2014. During 2015, Finance Minister along with the Deputy PM chose to implement the policy which will enhance the productivity of the economy instead of the tightening policy taken earlier. According to the report published in ASEAN daily, there has been a decrease in demand of labor in job market of Singapore. The shipping industry of Singapore has also been facing great problems in the past few years. As reported by the port authorities, Singapore faced a continuous decline in the volume of containers passed through the ports (Yeo, 2016). This decline occurred as a result of technological up-gradation. Large vessels can now break the hard big chunks of ice in the Arctic region and pass directly without using the ports o f Singapore and thereby reduces time of travelling by 2-3 weeks. Hence, Singapore had no way but to face the consequences of losing the competitive advantage. Analysis of the Price Level in Singapore: Unemployment and inflation are the anathemas of the economy. It has already been seen in the labor market analysis that Singapore had been able to control the rate of unemployment over the last 10 years. According to economic theory there is an inverse relationship between these two components of the economy. Hence, Singapore is expected to face a high rate of inflation as it has successfully controlled the unemployment level within the range of NAIRU. Economist describes inflation as the continuous fall in the conventional price level of the economy. The graph below shows the trend in inflation during 2006-2016. Inflation rate in Singapore soared up during mortgage crisis of U.S. Soon after 2008 there has been consequent reduction of inflation rate. Again after 2010 onwards the inflation rate increased and on an average it remained approximately around 4%. Its a surprising fact that the country has been able to maintain stability between the two anathemas of economy. The inflation rate is calculated by ascend in the Consumer Price index of the country. The CPI of Singapore consists of approximately 6500 products. According to the Ministry of Communication Information, the main reason for Singapores inflation is the constraint it faces in the supply side. Three aspects that can be cited as the reason behind Singapores inflation are: Increase in the cost of transport Policy of tightening the labor market Supply constraints. The country increased the existing premiums of the Certificate of Entitlement. Following the normal laws of supply and demand, an up-rise in the premium reduced the supply and as an effect the transport cost increased. This had a direct impact on the overall price level of the economy. Since the government adopted the policy of tightening the labor market and restricting the hiring of cheap foreign labor hence more of local people got hired. This has been both a boon and bane for the economy. Its a boon in the sense that it reduced the unemployment rate whereas its a bane for the economy as it increased peoples purchasing capacity and in turn rise in the overall prices (Teo, 2013). Also there has been an increase in the rental cost of Owner-Occupied accommodation. This led to increase in the domestic housing prices. The restriction in supply has also been a curse for the economy. The government has taken few important measures to keep this price level under control. The Monetary Authority set their currency on float and allowed it to appreciate. This has helped the economy to mitigate the higher import cost of things like crude oil and foods. The country also adopted several business models to manage the cost of foods. National Environment Agency already established a hawker centre to provide food at affordable cost. It also planned to establish around 10 more hawker centre. The RPW Group also tries to keep check on the prices of the daily commodities and keep alternatives available for the people of Singapore. The government also tries to come up with solutions by keeping constant communication with the unions of different companies. Conclusion: All through this report, the economic attributes has been described with respect to the country Singapore. In this analysis some interesting facts cropped up like the economy has been able to curb its inflation rate while maintaining the unemployment rate within the natural level. It also has maintained a fair amount of GDP. The changes that the country can expect in near future are: Rapid urbanization, technological breakthrough, social and demographic change, resource scarcity, climate change and a shift in the economic power worldwide (Lee, 2015). Singapore has been able to sustain extraordinary growth in its economy for more than three decades. In recent times the neighboring countries of Singapore is creating a competitive situation for it. The government of Singapore has taken quick precautionary actions and established 5 subcommittees in the already existing Committee on Future Economy. These subcommittees have the role of analyzing the upcoming threats and challenges that the economy may expect to face. They were suppose to complete their report by the end of this year, 2016 and henceforth the government will take necessary actions as required based on the reports (Solutions, 2016). A country with a negligible corruption and strong administrative system is expected to perform well in the years to come. References: Balance of Trade, S. (2016). Singapore Balance of Trade | 1964-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar Forecast. Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/balance-of-trade Crane, D., Kawashima, N., Kawasaki, K. I. (Eds.). (2016).Global culture: Media, arts, policy, and globalization. Routledge. Chew, M. P. G. (2013).Measuring economic sustainability of nations: Singapore as case study(Doctoral dissertation). Chow, H. K. (2013). Forecasting Inflation with a Financial Conditions Index: The Case of Singapore.Annals of Financial Economics,8(02), 1350009. Chua, S. C., Lim, Y. W., Ter, T. T., Chew, S. B. (2014). Efficiency wage theory: Evidence for Singapore manufacturing sector.The Singapore Economic Review,59(03), 1450021. Employment grows, but more older workers jobless. (2016).TODAYonline. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/overall-unemployment-unchanged-q1-labour-market-report Fazio, M. (2015).Singapores Foreign Labour Problems.The Market Mogul. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://themarketmogul.com/singapores-foreign-labour-problems/ GDP growth (annual %) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2015locations=SGstart=2000view=chart gov.sg | How is the government helping to mitigate inflation in Singapore?. (2016).Gov.sg. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.gov.sg/factually/content/how-is-the-government-helping-to-mitigate-inflation-in-singapore LEE, M. (2015).Five future challenges for Singapore economy.The Straits Times. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/five-future-challenges-for-singapore-economy Manpower, M. (2016).Summary Table: Unemployment.Stats.mom.gov.sg. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Unemployment-Summary-Table.aspx MIN, C. (2015).Singapore to see slower wage growth despite tight labour market: MAS.The Straits Times. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-to-see-slower-wage-growth-despite-tight-labour-market-mas Solutions, E. (2016).Singapore assesses the future of the global economy.Country.eiu.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1923846976Country=Singaporetopic=Economysubtopic=Forecastsubsubtopic=Economic+growthu=1pid=204847004oid=204847004uid=1 Teo, T. C. S. (2013).Exchange rate stability and import penetration: The case of Malaysia and Singapore(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,(UNIMAS)). Tsui, A., Xu, C. Y., Zhang, Z. (2013). Forecasting Singapore economic growth with mixed-frequency data. Yeo, J. (2016). Retrieved 1 December 2016, from https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/05/labour-market-for-singapore/ Yew, L. K. (2012).From third world to first: The Singapore story, 1965-2000(Vol. 2). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.

West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority

The key ambition of West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority is making its area of operation safer by facilitating efficient, safety measures. The authority responds to fire fighting, floods, traffic accidents, incidents such as lift trapping and those involving hazardous materials such as petroleum, gas, and electricity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authority conducts education on matters relating to fires such as prevention and control to youth groups and schools. It also performs emergency planning, fire safety inspections, and first aid to fire victims. Firefighters and officers frequently visit commercial and residential premises to advice on fire prevention and hazard risk assessment. The central office of West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority coordinates fire prevention tasks in accordance with legislation and support from specialist officers. This paper gives details of the legislation and standards that apply to West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority as a requirement of the Fire and Rescue Services Act of 2004, Fire and Rescue National Framework, and the Regulatory Reform Order of 2005. It also gives an explanation on how the International Organization for Standardization models can be integrated in the authority. In the current economic conditions, public services are experiencing real challenges in supplying efficient and effective services. For purposes of quality assurance, there are several legislative requirements and standards that apply to the authority based on the Fire and Rescue Services Act of 2004. According to the Act, it is the mandate of the fire and rescue authority to make provision with the intention of promoting fire safety in its respective area. In doing so, the authority ought to provide information to the public on the steps that people should take to prevent injury or deat h by fire. In addition, it is the duty of the authority to give advice to the society on how to prevent fires and curb their spread in both private and public premises and ways to get away from buildings and other surroundings in case of fire (The National Archives 2004). The Fire and Rescue National Framework requires for fire and rescue authorities to carry out the task in cooperation with their communities and other partners locally and nationally to deliver their services (Department for Communities and Local Government 2012, p. 7).Advertising Looking for essay on diplomacy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In connection with this, the authority has established a strong partnership arrangement with local communities in regions such as Bradford and Birkenshaw to guarantee service delivery that meets the organization’s statutory duties. The organization is transparent and accountable to the local communities in its dec isions and actions to create the opportunity for communities to help plan for their local service through efficient consultation and involvement. According to the Regulatory Reform Fire Safety Order of 2005, an employer must provide appropriate and comprehensible information to employees. The information should include potential risks at the work place and preventive and protective measures (2005, p. 14). This also applies to any employer employing a child. The information must be provided to the child’s parent or any other person who has parental responsibility over the minor. Moreover, the employer should notify his or her employees of the existence of dangerous substances within the premises and provide them with in depth details about the substance such as the name of the substance, the risks it presents, and legislative provisions concerning the hazardous material. In order to promote efficiency in authority, it is necessary to integrate the quality management principles on which the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) bases its standards. The principles act as a framework, to point the authority towards improved performance. West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority can incorporate the principle of customer focus in its operation through direct involvement and consultations of the community members in its area of operation in planning and making decisions regarding their services. Doing this enables the authority to combine the principles of customer focus and involvement of people. The authority collects and stores data on its daily activities and operations. Accurate and reliable data and efficient analysis of the data will result to realistic and informed decision making. This also ensures that the information is accessible to the people who need it. Processes such as employee training using effective tools, upgrading products and systems, acknowledging employee effort, and establishing goals result to overall advancement in the authority’s performance. Incorporating the system approach management principle is an excellent means to recognition, comprehending, and managing systems. As a result, the authority attains efficiency in achieving its goals (International Organization of Standardization 2012). Since the authority and its suppliers are interdependent, the parties should ensure that the relationship creates value to both. Value can be created by ensuring open communication, establishing joint development activities, and sharing information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper has discussed the significant legislation and standards that pertain to West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority in accordance with Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, Fire and Rescue National Framework, and the Regulatory Reform Order 2005. Moreover, the writing has provid ed explanations on how the International Organization for Standardization principles can be integrated in West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority. A combination of these aspects will aid the authority in achieving its goal of making its assigned region safer. List of References Department for Communities and Local Government. (2012) The Fire and Rescue National Framework for England [online]. International Organization of Standardization. (2012) Quality Management Principles [online]. The National Archives. (2004) Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 [online]. The Regulatory Reform Fire Safety Order 2005. (2005) [online]. This essay on West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essays

Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essays Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essay Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essay 1. Abstract Sheet bulge is an of import procedure particularly in boxing industries. In this experiment, Nova Innovene Polystyrene with Grade Empera 416N ( MFI 18 ) and Grade Empera 622N ( MFI 4 ) would used to measure the difference in end product, die caput force per unit area under different processing conditions. Through sheet bulge experiment, it shows that addition in mass end product as die caput force per unit area increased. MFI 18 produced more end product than MFI 14 as the prison guard velocity decreased from high to low. By utilizing the unfastened discharge informations at screw velocity 2RPMto secret plan graph against with experimental consequences, it can foretell the maximal end product at different die caput force per unit area without making proving. As screw velocity additions, emphasis rate addition, which leads to increase in screw velocity, and so increase in thickness. Web rupture will happen with the velocity of the axial rotation stack and extruder increased quickly. W hen die spread is more than concluding sheet, thicknesses, cervix in, pull down will happen and besides bring forth a batch of molecular orientation. Draw down causes die swell, sharkskin and melt break. Sentmanat extensional rheometer is used to mensurate the extensional emphasis. . A movie of polymer is wound on two revolving membranophones, which apply changeless or variable strain rate extensional distortion on the polymer movie. The emphasis is determined from the torsion exerted by the membranophones. Tear trial and shrinking trial were done, because it is of import for applications such as nutrient packaging. The nutrient bundle might shrivel under microwave temperature. 2. Aims * Analyze how different operating parametric quantities and conditions in a sheet bulge procedure affect dice flow features utilizing different MFI HIPS * Analyze the different procedure conditions affect the shrinking and molecular orientation 3. Experimental 1. MFI 18 HIPS Empera Grade 416N was added into the hopper. 2. The screw velocity was adjusted from 0RPM to 24RPM. 3. The end product was collected and weighted after 90seconds for 2RPM and 4RPM, 45seconds for 8,12,16,20,24RPM and repeated from 24RPM to 0RPM. 4. Actual Melt Temperature, Pressure, Motor Current and Difference in Die Head Pressure were recorded. 5. The same stairss from 1-4 were repeated for MFI 4 HIPS Empera Grade 622N, but it started from 24RPM to 0RPM. 4. Consequences and Discussion Refer to appendix for the consequences under table 1 and 2. 4.1 Die flow feature: secret plan mass end product versus die head force per unit area ( for each class of stuff ) in order to bring forth the dice flow features for each class of PS, as a map of screw velocity. From 1, which is for HIPS MFI 18, the ?P and mass end product from the diminishing curve, is higher than the increasing curve. It is because the temperature was already really high ( 168.5oC ) when the thaw was runing when the prison guard velocity was reduced to 20RPM from 24RPM.Whereas the temperature from screw velocity 20RPM to 24RPM, which was 166.9oC. Higher temperatures, faster thaw, more thaw produced. However, from 2, the prison guard velocity at 12 RPM, the increasing curve has higher end product of 0.59g/min the decreasing curve. In existent fact, the end product mass from the diminishing curve should hold more than the increasing curve. Because, the temperature at screw velocity 12RPM for the decreasing curve is higher than the increasing temperature. With mention to the dice flow characteristic equation – Newtonian ( refer to equation 1 in appendix ) , it shows that with the addition in ?P, Q will besides increase. Â µ will diminish as temperature and ?P addition together, allowing to increase end product mass. The job that causes a lessening of end product rate for 12RPM for the decreasing curve, might be the operator did non roll up the extrudate thoroughly or roll up the sample before the timer has reached 1minute. Refer to 5 in appendix ; it was the comparing bulge consequences for MFI 4 and MFI 18 were from screw velocity 24RPM to 0RPM were used to make a comparing. The end product for MFI 18 is higher compared to MFI 4 because MFI 18 has low molecular weight which gives lower viscousness and so higher end product. Whereas, MFI 4 has higher molecular weight which gives lower viscousness and so lower end product although under the same prison guard velocity. 4.2 Extruder flow characteristic relating to ‘open discharge informations for HIPS Screw speed 2RPM was used to plot the graph, because the consequences recorded from screw velocity 8RPM to 24RPM was higher than the ‘Open discharge informations. Mention to 6 in appendix for MFI 18 and 7 for MFI 4. At screw velocity 2RPM, the ‘open discharge informations was 17.7g/min for mass end product and the ?P is 0mPa. For MFI 18, the mass end product collected was 11.2g/min and the ?P is 0.8mPa. For MFI 4, the mass end product collected was 17.09g/min and the ?P is 2.4mPa. 4.3 Account the tendencies which are established, with mention to extrusion flow theory, and the effects of prison guards speed / stuff viscousness. State the relevancy of shear flow theory to the observation of non-linear extruder features. Screw Speed An addition in screw velocity will increase the volumetric and so shear rates besides increases1. Screw velocity, shear rate and end product are in direct proportion under low-shear conditions2. Shear warming occurs for polymer which will take away from additive screw speed-throughout correlations3. Melt Viscosity Refer to appendix for equations 2-Single Screw extruder feature and 3- shear flow through an opening of changeless dimension, each suggest that an addition in viscousness will diminish the gradient –dQ / d?P each feature, ensuing in increased dice caput force per unit area for an end product rate which remains comparatively unchanged4. 3.2 With mention to this theory, describe and history for the relationship between prison guards velocity and sheet thickness profiles. As the Screw velocity additions, the sheet thickness profiles besides increase. The extruder and axial rotation stack velocities simultaneously5. If the extruder increases faster than the axial rotation, polymer construct up between the dice and axial rotation stack will either wrap a axial rotation or flux back onto the die face6. If the axial rotation stack and takeoff equipment velocity is increased excessively quickly, web rupture takes place7. If the dice spread greatly exceeds the concluding sheet thickness, pulling or make outing down might go on to the concluding merchandise thickness8. It may bring forth excessively much molecular orientation9. 3.3 Explain the phenomenon of drawdown, in footings of how it occurs ( on the extruder ) and the type of distortion which the polymer is subjected to. Drawdown means to cut down the plastic s size by stretching it10. It occurs when longitudinal strain was imposed upon an extruded, partially-solidified thaw due to emphasize created by draw –off viscousness which is more than dice end product velocity11. The types of distortions are die crestless wave, sharkskin and melt fracture12. Die Swell alterations in extrudate diameter at the issue of die13. It leads to longitudinal shrinking and sidelong enlargement, which is caused by gyrating of polymer molecules after being stretched through the die14. Sharkskin is the surface abnormality of an extrudate, which is like a series of ridges perpendicular to the flow direction15. The cause of this might be the acceleration consequence on the outer bed consequences in lacrimation of the weak elastic melt16. Melt Fracture is when a rod like cross-section extrudate is twisted into a signifier of spiral, which is bambooing17. It is the cause of slow relaxation times relative to the distortion rates in which the emphasis exceeds the strength of the thaw and a break results18. It can be minimized by cut downing the dice diameter, which leads to cut down in shear emphasis and so cut down of thaw fracture19. 3.4 Suggest how a quantitative ‘extensional emphasis parametric quantity might be measured or calculated from farther instrumentality on the bulge procedure. The Sentmanat extensional rheometer ( SER ) is really a fixture that can be field installed on shear rheometers20. A movie of polymer is wound on two revolving membranophones, which apply changeless or variable strain rate extensional distortion on the polymer film21. The emphasis ( extensional ) is determined from the torsion exerted by the drums22. Refer to plot 1 for the equation of distortion under force23. Where extensional emphasis is equal to Young s modulus multiply by strain24. 3.5 Account for the consequences from the simple ‘tear trials carried out on the sheets. It is easy to rupture in the oriented way which is the y axis ; nevertheless it is hard to rupture in the un-orientated way ( x-axis ) . A nip cut at the side in the un-orientated way, helps rupturing apart easier. However, it was rupturing in the x-axis, after awhile, the lacrimation starts to rupture towards the y-axis. The ground why the lacrimation ever in favor of y-axis is due to the molecules were arranged in the y-axis way and it was cooled instantly once it passed the ice chest roller, and the molecules were frozen in that orientation. 3.6 Account for the consequences from the shrinking trial carried out on the sheets. Directional shrinking occurred in this experiment25. The grade of orientation imparted to the thaw during the mold filling procedure has a big influence on the shrinking exhibited by HIPS26. During mold filling, the polymer molecules undergo stretching those consequences in molecular orientation and anisotropic shrinking behaviour27. HIPS is a neat orientated fictile stuff, so it tend to shrivel more along the way of flow ( in flow shrinking ) 28. The cut of strips of the samples were placed in the 120oC for 10minutes. By comparing the % length shrinking for extrude velocity at 20rpm with different roller velocities ; the highest roller velocity 2metre/min with the thinnest thickness has the highest % length shrinking of 22.64 % . Whereas, the lowest roller velocity 1metre/min with the thickest thickness has the lowest % length shrinking of 9.80 % . Because of the fast roller velocity, the molecules in the movie orientation are frozen rapidly, and have no clip to rearrange. But one time, its placed in the oven, the molecules were in relaxed province, hence, shrinking occurs. By comparing the % length shrinking for roller velocity 2metre/min with different extrude velocities ; the lowest extrude velocity 12rpm with the thinnest thickness has the highest % length shrinking of 38.46 % . And the highest extrude velocity 20rpm with the thickest thickness has the lowest % length shrinking of 22.64 % . 4 Decisions * The experiment was a success * All aims were met. 5 Mentions 1-3 Extrusion Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 127 4 Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 119 5-9 Operation, Bulge: the unequivocal processing usher and enchiridion, By Harold F. Giles, John R. Wagner, Eldridge M. Mount, page 437 10 Extrusion Process, hypertext transfer protocol: //online.sfsu.edu/~jge/html/extrusionprocess.html ( accessed on 7th December 2009 ) 11 Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 116 13-19 Processing of Thermoplastic, material.eng.usm.my/stafhome/ /Week % 204 % 20Processing.ppt ( Accessed 7th December 2009 ) 20-22 Rheometer, hypertext transfer protocol: //about.qkport.com/r/rheometer, ( accessed on 9th December 2009 ) 23-24 Material response to force, Practical bulge blow casting, By Samuel L. Belcher 25-28 Plastic portion design for injection casting: an Introduction, By Robert A. Malloy 6 Appendix ?P With mention to decease flow characteristic equation ( Newtonian ) : Q = g. Â µ Equation 1 ( Equation taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor ) , page 117 Single Screw extruder characteristic ? Q = ?N . ?P -eqn 2 Â µ ( ? and ? are invariables of screw geometry ) Taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 107 Shear flow through an opening of changeless dimension ?P Q = K. -eqn 3 Â µ Taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 117 Taken from Material response to force, Practical bulge blow casting, By Samuel L. Belcher Table 1: Consequences for MFI 18 Table 2: Consequences for MFI 4 Extrude velocity( RPM ) Avg. Thickness ( millimeter ) 20 0.17 16 0.15 12 0.12 Table 3: Consequences for mean thickness with different extrude velocity – refer to 8 for graph secret plan Table 4: Consequences for different extrude velocity and roller velocity, mean thickness and before and after shrinking

4 Key Characteristics that Professional Bio Writers Must Have

4 Key Characteristics that Professional Bio Writers Must Have 4 Key Characteristics that Professional Bio Writers Must Have Writing assignments require a lot of students’ attention and efforts. If a student decides to hire a professional writer to complete a writing assignment, they need to proceed with caution to make sure that the final draft will be at high quality. When students search for a person to handle their most important writing tasks, they need to pay close attention to the writer’s skills, the results of the previous works, the reviews they’ve been given by other students, and so on. No matter what genre a writer is working with, and it definitely applies to professional bio writers. When you hire a professional bio writer to take care of a writing assignment for you, here are 4 key characteristics that you need to look for. 1. Passionate about Books The writer must be absolutely passionate about books. If a bio author isn’t a bibliophile, there’s no way that they’ll ever be able to gain sufficient knowledge about a person’s life. This is especially true for biography writers dealing with historical figures from the distant past. The longer ago they lived, the more likely they are to have several books, and hundreds of essays written about them. Make sure that the professional bio writer you hire is a true book geek and loves nothing more than diving into hundreds of pages of history. 2. Skilled in Analytical Thinking The writer must be skilled in analytical thinking. Writing an excellent bio requires a writer to be able to juxtapose the facts of a person’s life. They’ll need to sort through contradictory information to find the most reliable sources available and avoid myths and common misconceptions. What you think happened and what really happened can be two very different things. If the writer you hire relies on the first source that they find instead of checking their facts and considering the validity of each source, your professor may be disappointed by the shallow research (and your grade may suffer accordingly). 3. Detail-Oriented The writer must be detail-oriented. Writing an engaging biography requires a writer to go beyond birth, death, and marriage dates and find out what happened in between. They’ll need to search for revealing details of a person’s life, perhaps found in personal correspondence, newspaper articles, or journal entries. Looking beyond a vague summary means that your professor will be delving into fascinating details when they read your paper instead of skimming over a dull summary. 4. Unpleasant Facts Are Mentioned too The writer must not gloss over unpleasant facts of the past. For example, women and minorities have been mistreated throughout much of human history, and while we no longer consider this acceptable, a good bio writer does not omit these details. A good man must not be made into a god by the omission of his having owned slaves or opposed women’s suffrage; instead, his character must be shown fully, with all its strengths and weaknesses together. If you’ll carefully check reviews and correspond with a bio writer to make sure that they follow these guidelines, you’ll be much more pleased with the product you receive. Students should always ensure that their hard-earned money is well-spent when entrusting bio writers with their grades. But you can hire a freelance academic writer to get a custom biography written from scratch.

Innovation Portfolio Report(Part2) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Innovation Portfolio Report(Part2) - Coursework Example Now innovation is not only changing the appearance of things, its some thing deep inside the products, organizations and markets. This comparative study is aimed at reflecting innovation portfolio of modern business by discovering different facets of modern business including product management, implementing it as corporate philosophy and exercising the whole process in different geographical markets differently. Business world has evolved from the phase where breaking the mould philosophy was the extreme success of innovation. Innovativeness is boundary less and all business empires try to battle their product, marketing, and market place issues in their own way, i.e., their innovative ways. This report covers the whole discussion and research is in different parts of the text content. Step by step coverage goes in a logical manner i.e., innovation defined, modern philosophy of innovation, and different perspectives of innovation in business world with various variables. Next part of report is grouped in three portions; seemingly separate three parts but discussing the oneness of innovation in three ways for one Business Empire. These three steps are Product innovation, Organization innovation and Geographical or market place innovation. Product selected is Walkman, company is Sony and geographical place is USA. In short the report covers innovative spheres applied by one company in developing product, in organization and it marketing the same product in a different market place. Report, though reflects various innovative approaches, and reviews the whole process from 'Open Innovation' concept. "The creative act is not an act of creation in the sense of the Old Testament. It does not create something out of nothing; it uncovers, selects, re-shuffles, combines, synthesizes already existing facts, ideas, faculties, skills. The more familiar the parts, the more striking the new whole. Man's knowledge of the changes of the tides and the phases of the moon is as old as his observation that apples fall to earth in the ripeness of time. Yet the combination of these and other equally familiar data in Newton's theory of gravity changed mankind's outlook on the world". (Koestler - 1964): Task 1: Case Example: Product, Process or Strategic Innovation: Case Example: In March 2007, Sony extended the Video Walkman brand by launching its first digital, flash-based video Walkman, the NW-A800. Walkman is a very popular Sony brand used to market its portable audio players, and is synonymously used to refer to the original Walkman portable personal stereo player and as a generic term for similar devices from other manufacturers. The original Walkman introduced a change in music listening habits, allowing people to carry their own choice of music with them. The original Walkman was released in 1979 as the Walkman in Japan and Soundabout abroad. The device was created by audio division engineer Nobutoshi Kihara for Sony co-chairman Morita, who wanted to be able to listen to operas during his frequent transpacific plane trips. (Hormby) Morita hated the Walkman name so much that he asked it to be changed. But he was told by junior executives that a promotion campaign had

Leadership Article Critque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Article Critque - Essay Example Managers seek to have a better understanding of their employees and the work dynamics existing in their workplace. They also give employees more opportunity to grow individually and to involve them more in decision-making. The main issue addressed by the first article by Jim Sullivan is how to motivate employees to work for the company's utmost benefit. The major argument is that employees should be given an idea how the business works, instilling in them the viewpoint of the manager. It further argues that the manager has a huge role in motivating the workforce and that their efficiency is highly dependent on the manager's style. The article also stressed the huge role played by the employees in the success of the business. Frontline employees should be trained to think and work as their superior. Jim Sullivan recognizes the need of making employees realize how the firm generates revenue and how it losses profits. The second article focused on the group structures and the most efficient strategies to utilize in enhancing the performance of these frameworks. Two structures are identified: true groups which represent teams having the same goals; and working groups having members who are responsible for individual goals. The research done by the Filine Research Institute found out that true groups are highly interdependent. It was also stipulated that the most essential process to improve performance are enhanced communication and cohesion. On the other hand, working groups' efficiency can be greatly improved through cohesion while communication is only second. The two articles are the same in the sense that they prescribe measures on how to boost the performance of workgroups. The two articles also address the manager's problem of motivating their subordinates by employing proper techniques. However, the first one dealt with the employees mindset while the second focused on organizational structure. The findings of the study done by Filene Research Institute support the advocacy for this new paradigm. The conclusion showed that the success of an organization or business depends heavily on how its leadership and management respond to the specific needs of its work environment. I believe that the manager should, therefore, be familiar with the type of work dynamics that exist in his/her organization. Does it have "true teams" or "working groups" Only then can he/she direct the organization's resources to improving communication, cohesion, solving personal or task conflicts, etc. In addition to understanding work dynamics, I think that the manager should also have a better understanding of the worker's frame of mind. How can the employees be motivated to care for the company growth and not just be concerned with what they can get out of it Jim Sullivan, in his article Teach team members to think, work like owners, pointed out to "aligning the employees' mindset with the owner's perspective." (Sullivan, 2005) Sullivan outlined ways in achieving this, and the key is worker empowerment. Workers need to be empowered with knowledge about the company or organization they are working for. They also need to be empowered with the opportunity to learn how to improve themselves in their work. Elenko Zachariev in his article Peter

Pregnancy and Juno Essay Example for Free

Pregnancy and Juno Essay The protagonist of the film is 16-year-old, Juno MacGuff. Juno has to face the dilemmas of an unexpected pregnancy. She finds what seems to be the perfect adoption couple, but when her adoption plans take a turn for disaster, Juno must dig herself out of her sticky situation and do what’s best for her baby. At the start of the film, Juno decides to have unprotected sex with her close friend, Paulie Bleeker. Her choice to have un-protected sex is a choice she hasn’t taken into a whole lot of consideration, consequently leading Juno to becoming pregnant. The mise-en-scene at the start of the film shows us how Juno now feels about her pregnancy. Juno stands across from the armchair Bleeker and she had sex on, while a voice over says, ‘It started with a chair. ’ The armchair seems much larger than Juno even though they are about the same size. The chair represents Juno’s sudden pregnancy, something dominant, something overwhelming her. Juno looks small in comparison to the chair, showing us that she feels small, insignificant and weak. New Zealand has a shocking teen pregnancy rate, with 3,800 babies born to teens throughout the country every year. Teenagers who have sex without using protection may not expect to end up with a pregnancy, because they naively believe that the chances of a pregnancy are too slim for it to happen to them. When a teen becomes pregnant they can be left in a position of helplessness because they were never prepared to deal with a baby. This is the consequence of not being careful enough and not protecting yourself when aving sex, something that Juno has to deal with. Juno plans to quickly get rid of the baby by arranging an abortion. Juno goes to the clinic where she meets a Soo-Chin, fellow classmate, who is holding an anti abortion sign in the clinic car park. Soo-Chin tells Juno that her baby is well alive inside of her, and has even grown fingernails. Juno finds this interesting, but continues into the clinic. She waits for her appointment inside, but as she is waiting, the reality t hat her baby is in-fact alive inside her scares Juno into canceling her abortion. This is shown by the added foley sound effect of people’s fingernails inside the clinic. As Juno waits she hears the sounds of people’s fingernails drumming, filing and scratching reminding her that her own baby already has fingernails. The sound of the fingernails starts to resemble a pulse, making Juno feel uncomfortable and nervous, causing her to run out of the clinic. Juno later arranges a closed adoption instead of an abortion. Many pregnant teens who choose not to abort do so because they do not want to cause pain to the baby living inside of them. This choice means that they have to carry on with the pregnancy at their tender age. They later keep the baby or adopt out likewise to Juno. Juno chooses a couple, Mark and Vanessa, who seem like the perfect parents for Juno’s child, and so Juno arranges a closed adoption. But nearing the end of Juno’s pregnancy, she discovers that Mark plans on leaving Vanessa, throwing all of Juno’s adoption plans away. Juno becomes distraught; but even without Mark in the picture, Juno realizes that Vanessa is dedicated enough to love and care for the baby. This is shown to us by the technique of the bird’s-eye view, when Juno and her friend are at the mall, and spot Vanessa. Juno looks down at her from above, almost as if she was assessing her, and sees that Vanessa naturally has a way with children. Juno writes a note to Vanessa saying that she is still up for the adoption if Vanessa is too. We see that the carefully thought out choice that Juno makes turns out positively, as Vanessa gets the child that she’s always wanted, and Juno’s life settles again. The use of set shows us that the dilemma has concluded, as we see a rocking chair, with a voiceover that says ‘It ended with a chair. ’ Vanessa’s room is cluttered and her clothing is very casual, showing that she has finally let go of her proper, uptight self. The mise-en-scene of the very final scene also shows us that Juno’s choice resulted well, as Juno and Bleeker are seated opposite each other. They are in complete symmetry and are of equal size, showing us that they are both in harmony and all is well. Adoption is a process growing in popularity in today’s society. It can be very convenient for both sides of the adoption. People who desperately want their own children and cannot have any can adopt someone else’s child, giving the child a nurturing home that the child probably wouldn’t have gotten otherwise. The biological parent of the adopted child is probably unable to provide a nurturing home for the child, or not at an age where parenting is an option. So the choice of adoption becomes convenient for them, knowing that their child will go to someone else who will love them and will be able to take very good care of them. Many techniques help build up the important idea that all of our actions will have consequences. We see that sometimes, spontaneous choices can lead to unexpected, negative results, such as Juno’s pregnancy. We see that sometimes, our gut feeling or instinct can change our choices, like when Juno decides not to abort her baby. Juno also shows us that choices that are thought out will usually turn out for the better, an example we see from the ending of the film. Because the teen pregnancy rate in New Zealand is one of the highest in the world, Juno is an easily relatable film for teenagers in our country, who may even learn a thing or two from watching Juno’s situation play out before us. This is why the film Juno is such a successful and charming watch. Great – apart from a couple of inaccuracies and a suggestion or two that I have made in-text, this is definitely working towards Excellence level.

Essay --

Dear President, As you very well know, climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the current age. While few countries in the area are able to work on mitigation and adaption, The Republic of Congo has been diligent in passing laws that can further preserve our planet. I am writing this letter to talk about what positive impacts have come from the recent laws set in place, as well as advise a plan for furthering the mitigation of climate change in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Two new laws have been passed stating that the removal of any natural resources from the rainforest, including trees and minerals, is permanently banned. Timber and mining companies may no longer operate in the rain forest. In addition, to decrease the poaching of animals and trees in the rainforest, a drastic increase in the penalties for poaching will be issued and the consequences are up to and including potential life in prison. Also a large increase in the funding of efforts to prevent poaching and capture poachers has been set in place. In retrospect to the new laws put into place, there will be pros and cons of the effect that the law has on the Ba’aka people, the logging and mining workers, the poachers of bushmeat and ivory, and congolese environmentalists. The Ba’aka peoples nomadic lifestyle is less damaging to the rainforest environment because it allows the group to move without over-exploiting the local game and forest resources. Most African forest people spend much of the year near a village where they trade bush meat and honey for manioc, produce, and other goods. In contrast when there was an allowance of poaching and removal of natural resources, the Ba’aka people ran low on the bushmeat and found the forest inhabitable due t... ... due to the law, they can bring about a rich future and help teach the native people how to utilize their resources to the highest ability. The con that this law has on the environmentalists is now they have less funding from the government to support their research because more money is going into the prevention of poaching. This could harm the conservation process of environmentalists because they need funding in order to sustain the ecosystem. I am writing this letter today to ask for your consideration in the funding of environmental conservation in the rainforests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Please consider the facts that I have laid out, together we have the ability to raise awareness within the community to help lessen the environmental impacts that ultimatley induce climate change. Thank you for your time and attention. Sincerely, Hayley Kievman

Analyse the Pay Tv Market in Sa Using the Five Forces Framework Essay

The threat of new entrants in the South African Pay TV market is low for reasons discussed below: Capital Requirements: The case study clearly states that Top TV spent in the region of R1 billion to become operational which shows that the capital needed to do business in this industry is steep. The case also highlight other licensees such as WOWtv and Telkom Media (later sold to become Super 5 Media) struggling to launch and pay debts respectively. Further proving that the capital needed to operate in this environment is very huge requiring investors with a strong financial muscle. Product Differentiation: There is brand identification and loyalty to DStv for the simple reason that it has been the only player (monopoly) in this industry for more than 15 years and has built huge fences around it to couple brand loyalty by entering into long exclusive deals with some of the biggest channels and studios in the US. Cost Disadvantages: DStv has benefitted from the learning and experience curve and being that it has been the only player in the market for a long time it has exploited this by entering into long exclusive deals, putting proper technology infrastructure to avoid technical glitches that for instance Top TV experienced. These cost advantages positions DStv well ahead of new entrants or discourages new entrants. The threat of new entrants is also low because of the fighting muscle DStv has in fighting off new entrants as it demonstrated to Top TV, by coming up with a new range of packages that also targeted the lower LSM groups which Top TV had targeted. This repositioning of DStv had huge repel effects on Top TV to a point that Top TV is fighting to stay in business. Last but not least DStv has gained economies of scale in research, marketing and financing over the years they have been operating as a monopoly.

Gandhi, Martin Luther King, And Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work Essay

The history of violence in the world is well documented. However it is also possible to use non-violence to bring about change. This DBQ will look at two countries where a non-violent movement was successful. India and South Africa were two important nations on two different continents. But although they looked strong on the outside, each one suffered from a disease that threatened the health of the whole. For India, the disease was colonization. For South Africa, it was racial segregation. In each of these nations three conditions help explain why non-violence worked. The first condition was that both of them had been colonies of England. And like England both countries thought law was very powerful, more powerful even than government officials. The second condition was the presence of violence. Without the possibility of a violent revolution, the government might not have been willing to change. The third condition was the presence of a leader, Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela South Africa. Each of these men was so charismatic he could lead his followers to a non-violent victory. Both of them gave their lives to the cause. Gandhi was shot by an assassin while Mandela spent almost twenty-seven years of his life in prison. Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela all achieved a revolution and independence in their countries through non-violence. The reason this worked is because the non-violent people would be beaten and killed for doing nothing wrong, this made the attackers look like idiots for killing defenseless people. This would make the attackers realize what they’re doing and they would grant the country independence. The documents provided could be situated into four categories: civil disobedience, self-control, willingness to accept punishment, and embracing the enemy. Document 1 is a letter from Gandhi to Lord Irwin, the English governor in India. The point of view is Gandhi because he is basically telling the governor what his plans of civil disobedience are: Gandhi and the community are going to ignore the Salt Laws and march to the sea to make their own salt. The tone of this letter is very calm and peaceful. Document 2 is an excerpt from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s autobiography along with a photograph of a 1963 sit-in of integration supporters at a lunch counter. The point of view is MLK and the tone of his excerpt is proud because he knows that what  he’s saying is right. This is a good example of non-violence and civil disobedience because the lunch counter was for white people only, and the integration supporters did not fight back at all to the people who may have been throwing stuff at them, pouring stuff on them, or spitting at them. Finally, Document 3 is an excerpt from Nelson Mandela’s book, Long Walk to Freedom, and he is contemplating which tactic to use in order to achieve independence. The tone of this document is just boring because Mandela is simply thinking to himself. After pondering over the situation, he obviously selects the non-violent approach and it works like a charm. An additional document that could be helpful for this category could be a picture of a group of people who are being civilly disobedient and being beaten.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche essays

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche essays Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in Rocken, Prussian, in 1844. He was named in honor of Prussian king, Fredrick Wilhelm IV, whose birthday, October 15, he shared. Nietzsches father, and his mother, franziska oenler Nietzsche, was the daughter of a Lutheran minister when Nietzsche was only five years old, his father died from what was called softening of the brain, after a year of mental instability. The rest of Nietzsche childhood was spent in a household of women, including his mother, his sister, his paternal grandmother and two maiden aunts. Nietzsches notorious rejoicing in Zarathustras (or the madmans) explains the declaration of the Death of God in the Zarathustra prologue. When Zarathustra was thirty years old he left his home and the lake of his home and went into the mountains. There he enjoyed his spirits and his solitude, and for ten years he did not tire of it. But at last a change came over his heart, and one morning he rose with the dawn, stepped before the sun, and spoke to its thus. One day Zarathustra said to the stars, like you I must go under- go down, as is said by man, to whom I want to descend. So bless me then, you quiet eye that can look even upon an all- too great happiness without envy! Bless the cup that want to overflow, that the water may flow from it golden and carry everywhere that reflection of your delight. Behold, this cop wants to become empty again, and Zarathustra wants to become man again. Thus Zarathustra began to go under. Zarathustra descended alone from the mountains, encountering no one. But when he came into the forest, all at once there stood before him an old man who had left his holy cottage to look for roots in the woods. And thus spoke the old man to Zarathustra. Zarathustra has changed; Zarathustra is an awakened one; what do you now want among the sleepers? The ol...

Answer ls week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer ls week 6 - Essay Example The stakeholders need to be taken by the management as the principal assets of the organization. Therefore, managers in making decisions need to involve and take into account the interest of all the stakeholders in a given organization. The stakeholders of a given organization in most cases are taken to include the community, employees, suppliers and customers as well the potential investors and shareholders (Cots 2011). Hence, the responsibility of managers in a company is to serve the interests of all its stakeholders, which in most instances is called â€Å"stakeholder management†, which is commonly negated with the principle form of corporate governance, whereby the stakeholder interests are principal. Therefore, it is within the ethics of management to treat the interests of the stakeholders equally without favoring a given stakeholder. This implies that the stakeholder management has the ethical responsibility of serving all the interest of the stakeholders present for-p rofit corporations, which will not conflict with the present system of corporate governance (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). The stakeholder management must assume that management decision-making is the primary means by which the benefits of corporate wealth creation are given to the stakeholders , however , these accrued benefits might be also be obtained by other categories that interact with the corporation in many other ways, which in most cases is through the market (Cots 2011). As a result, it will be worth mentioning that management will unethically be acting by failing to serve the interests of the organization’s stakeholders who are involved in day-to-day creation of wealth. In addition, stakeholder management in an organization is right; nevertheless, to put emphasis on the moral/ethical aspect that every stakeholder group must benefit from corporate activity is paramount. This also makes managers to be aware of their moral responsibility to develop wealth that will even tually benefit all the stakeholders groups Question Two The idea of authenticity has become primary aspect in management among the large organizations that need to promote workplace conditions significantly. I believe am an authentic leader because, authentic leadership entails leaders creating opportunities and strategies that will promote a common good for all the members of the organization. This means that as an authentic leader am able to inspire all the company’s stakeholders by serving their interests as well as that of the company. Since am an authentic leader I have transformed my organization to greater heights of success (Cots 2011). By employing my authentic leadership standards and principles to the element of diversity work, as a leader I have been able to acquire understanding and support for the work, find out the conflict between organizational and individual behaviors and principles, which serve as barriers, and create significant relationships for organizat ional growth – all planned to intensify responsiveness and understanding and responsiveness for the value diversity has on organizational existence (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). Being an authentic leader, who can dig beneath the surface by discovering my purpose, principles, morals, and how I build relationships, has enabled me to lay a foundation for a greater obligation to organizational growth. That is so since attention is paid to values, purpose, and relationships, how we reason regarding and acts upon, whereby these aspects will engage individuals, not only with their minds

Do Gulf Arabs value profit over people Research Paper

Do Gulf Arabs value profit over people - Research Paper Example However, the research indicates the issues of forced labor, economic exploitation and other forms of confiscation of human rights are common in the Gulf States. Many authors believe that the Kafala sponsorship system serves as the main source of exploitation. This system enables the affluent Arabs to use their authority to gain maximum benefits from the migrant workers. Under this system, recruitment and selection process is normally conducted in the home country of migrant workers. The agents remain in constant touch with the Arabs and they provide them employment details and terms and conditions to the agents. The Kafala system enables the sponsor to impose his own determined terms and conditions and employment provisions to the migrant workers who pay a considerable amount of money to the agents in their native country in order to gain access in the Gulf countries. There are numerous incidents indicate that the Kafeel even do not provide them basic employment conditions and standa rdized wages, salaries, bonuses and other benefits to the migrant workers. As the migrant workers know the consequences if they do not accept the harsh employment terms and conditions, they become an easy prey for the Gulf Arabs who treat them as their slaves and give the inadequate employment facilities. Thesis Statement The research indicates that the Gulf Arabs value profits over people. ... ave the highest percentage of migrant workers (Sonmez et al., 2011, p.1).The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)’s members are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the UAE and there are 35 million people living in the GCC countries; out of which 17 million are expatriates. According to International Labor Organization (ILO) and Human Rights Watch (HRW), about half of the UAE’s 4 million residents served in the Dubai’s construction sector and 95 percent of the UAE’s workforce are contributed by the migrant workers. As a result, the UAE has become a hub for the migrant workers coming not only from developing but also from developed countries as well. Large numbers of Western expatriates come to the UAE. The main reasons include tax-free salaries, perks and benefits. These perks and benefits are the results of the economic growth and development that has led to a substantial boom in the UAE’s sex; girls and women are illegally trafficked while oth ers find money and charm in the life style of the UAE. The forced labor and the Kafala sponsorship system The GCC countries do not offer free labor mobility. The migrant workers are disallowed to offer their services to the businesses in the GCC countries. Recruitment and selection process do not take place in the GCC countries but the migrant workers’ home country facilitates the process of selection and recruitment. As soon as workers obtain a work permit and a work contract for residence and entry, they become contractually tied to sponsors living in the GCC countries. The Kafala system is that guest-workers’ passports are held by the employer- sponsor, known as Kafeel (Gibney and Lansen, 2005 p. 407). This system can be identified as the modern manifestation of slavery (Varia, 2008, p.26). The kafala system

A simple research proposal about 'How could qualitative methods be Essay

A simple research proposal about 'How could qualitative methods be used to explore the connections between poverty and climate c - Essay Example The most common human activity contributing to climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon (Desonie, 2008). Greenhouse gases are emitted via the consumption of fossil fuels, deforestation and the burning of forests as a means of creating agricultural and/or ranch lands (Desonie, 2008). A review of literature suggests that some scholar believe that there is a link between poverty and climate change. For example, Dessler (2009) argued that while developed states have targeted key dates for the reduction of carbon emissions, a vast majority of developing countries have no such plans. In addition, it is argued that there is connection between poverty and environmental damages because the poor spend their time and efforts attempting to relieve hunger (Gray & Moseley, 2005). This often means overusing natural resource (Gray & Moseley, 2005). Gray and Moseley (2005) argud, however, that a link between poverty and climate change is difficult to make when one conside rs the environmental damages attributed to industries. Davy (2009) also pointed out that the middle and upper classes have far more access to land and thus natural resources, than the poor does. Studies testing or analysing the connection between poverty and climate change have produced mixed results. For example, a study conducted by Martuzzi, Mittis and Forasteire (2010) showed a link between poverty and poor waste management in the US and Europe since 1983. The study, however, was based on secondary evidence comprised of reports in the literature demonstrating that disadvantaged areas usually reflected poorer waste management than other areas (Martuzzi, et al., 2010). A study conducted by Xenopoulos, Lodge, Alcamo, Marker, Schulze, and Van Vuuren (2005) established a link between fish and river biodiversity and the poor. In this study, Xenopoulos et al. (2005) examined fish and river water loss. The results of the study indicated that fish loss is due to river water loss and this was more prevalent in poor countries where river water was a source of drinking water (Xenopoulos et al., 2005). The combination of climate change and water consumption contributed to water and fish loss in poor countries indicating that the poor, contributed to climate change. Scherr (2000) asserted that ‘recent micro-scale empirical research’ showed that poor areas are able to adapt to environmental policies, and thus there is no realistic empirical basis for claiming that there is a connection between poverty and climate change. According to Scherr (2000), marginalisation and a lack of economic resources expose the poor to environmental damages. In other words, the poor are victims of climate change as opposed to the contributor to climate change. As qualitative case study conducted by Brouwer, Akter, Brander and Hague (2007) supported this conclusion. Brouwer et al. (2007) conducted a survey on 700 low-income homes in a flood prone area of Bangladesh. The results o f the study found that the lower the income of the family, the higher the risk of flood damages. The poorer families lacked the resources to mitigate the risk of flood damages (Brouwer et al., 2007). Qualitative case studies on residents in four UK coastal communities using interviews of residents and a

My best vacation to six flags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My best vacation to six flags - Essay Example The number of people who attend six flags is sometimes overwhelming to the corporation because of the inflow of visitors to the amusement park. Casing point can be the 23.9 million visitors in 2009 who visited six flags from throughout the world. Six flags corporation has its branches throughout the states, and offers heart rendering services to its customers. The purpose of this essay is to discuss my best vacation to six flags and the things I saw and did (Newswire 11-15). My best vacation ever was to the Six Flags Great America as they own a property in the state. Six Flags Great America is the amusement park that I vacationed with my family, and to be sincere, I had the time of my life. Six flags America is a theme park in that is built on a 400-acre land and feature one of the largest collections of roller coaster that is in existence along the east coast. The amusement park was filled to capacity when I visited because most of the families prefer visiting the park during their vacation, and having fun due to the numerous services offered by the park. The history of the theme park is quite interesting as it offers a coaster that is air launched, and the interesting part is that it is the first of its kind in the world. The amusement park is spacious and has the capability of hosting around two million visitors from all over the world. The endless games that are present in the amusement park can cause a vast confusion because one wants to try out everything. One of the the most captivating game that I encountered was known as the Apocalypse (Newswire 11-15). The game was outstanding as it captured my imagination in every way possible and gave me a chance to interact with other people from all over the world. It was a dream come true for my parents to bring me to this awesome park that everyone talked about, and to get the chance of having firsthand experience in six flags America. The spectacular thing about six flags America is the fact that it has rides t hat are suitable for everyone. The rides had an adverse effect on the adrenaline rush and it was fun getting the chance to try out the family ride, roller-coaster, thrill rides and the hurricane harbor rides. All these were at an affordable price that were pocket friendly and captured the attention of most of the people (Newswire 11-15). The captivating part was the fact that the Hurricane Harbor provided wet rides which were unique and thrilling to everyone that was present in the amusement park. Everyone wanted a chance to try out the varieties of rides that were present, and sample out the many games that were offered by Six Flags Great America. My family and I attended the entertainment section where there was the existence of magicians, acrobats, animation and theatrics. It was a spectacular scene because some of the most famous entertainers were present in the amusement park. I can vividly remember a stand that had many different samples of food that were from all over the wor ld. The food section offered many exotic foods from different communities all over the world at an affordable price. To be sincere, I have never had a scrumptious meal like the one I had in the park and the services were magnificent. There were many choices of foods to choose from and had a taste of many cuisines. Six Flags Great America is an exceptional place to take the staff of a company, hold educational trips, youth groups, and reunions and take religious organizations. It is

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis Postmodernism

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis Postmodernism Django Unchained (Tarantino, 2012) set in Texas in 1858, deals with a variety of issues such as race, slavery, revenge and violence. The film sparked controversy worldwide and amongst critics. Filmmaker Spike Lee talks about the film during an interview with Vibe magazine: All Im going to say is that its disrespectful to my ancestors. Thats just me. Im not speaking on behalf of anybody else (2012). Tarantino argues that although the film is indeed graphic and brutal, it does not compare to the real-life discoveries and findings from the research into this topic. The film sugar coats the violent happenings, as it leaves out factual gory details: We all intellectually know the brutality and inhumanity of slavery, but after you do the research its no longer intellectual any more, no longer just historical record you feel it in your bones. It makes you angry, and want to do something Im here to tell you, that however bad things get in the movie, a lot worse shit happened (Child, 2013). Django Unchained is a gruesome depiction of what life as a slave was like during 1858 pre-civil war Texas, as well as a glimpse of existence outside the slave industry such as in Dr. King Schultzs (Christoph Waltz) case or the wealthy Calvin Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio). It is a highly entertaining film which simultaneously disturbs and thrills, while also incorporating a healthy dose of humour throughout. The purpose of textual analysis is simply to critically analyse a piece of cinema. As a research method, it can be used to deconstruct the aim or overall meaning of the film. Focusing on elements such as narrative structure, exposition, narrative voice and editing is important when using textual analysis. Mise-en-scene, setting, colour, tone, costume, props and lighting all play important roles in the examination process. A textual analysis approach allows the text to be thoroughly studied, for example, looking for patterns/relationships, finding the key/central themes and symbolic significance, as well as the ways in which the audience engage with the text, for instance, if an audience feel sympathy or pleasure towards a certain part of the film. Monaco discusses the importance of visuals, describing that it is useful, even vital, to learn to read images well so that the observer can seize some of the power of the medium (2000, p.159). I intend to examine the ways in which Django Unchained can be viewed as a postmodern text. Postmodernism is a critique of modernism, the idea that there is no set genre or structure; no absolute truth: Post-Modernism is fundamentally the eclectic mixture of any tradition with that of its immediate past: it is both the continuation of Modernism and its transcendence (Jenks,1996). Jean Baudrillard talks about simulation, simulacra and hyperreality. Baudrillard argues that the audience live in an artificial world, drawn in by images and media; this is not reality and leads to hyperreality: Images are no longer the mirror of reality, they have invested the heart of reality and transformed it into hyperreality, where from screen to screen, the only aim of the image is the image. The image can no longer imagine the real because it is the real; it can no longer transcend reality, transfigure it or dream it, since images are virtual reality. In virtual reality, it is as if things had swallowed their mirror (Zurbrugg, 1997, p.12). Disneyland is an example of this as the fine line between reality and fantasy is unclear. Postmodern cinema contains a variety of features such as intertextuality, non-linear narratives, referentiality and pastiche. Frederic Jameson talks about the importance of pastiche in postmodern films: Pastiche is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar or unique, idiosyncratic style, the wearing of a linguistic mask, speech in a dead language. But it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without any of parodys ulterior motives, amputated of the satiric impulse, devoid of laughter (Jameson, 1991). Django Unchained demonstrates features of postmodern theory and this is often the case with Tarantinos work, as described by Rehling: Tarantino is generally considered the postmodern filmmaker par excellence due to his penchant for intertextual allusions (2010, p.203). The film follows the story of a bounty hunter (previously employed as dentist) Dr. King Schultz, who is searching for a trio of men named The Brittle Brothers. Schultz understands that Django (Jamie Foxx) is familiar with the brothers as he was once a slave to them, and realizes he must free Django for him to assist Schultz on the journey. Schultz mentors Django, and offers to pay him for his services while helping Django to live as a free man. The pair begin finding and killing various wanted men. Django explains he wishes to rescue his wife Broomhilda Von Shaft (Kerry Washington), and is determined to find her. Schultz agrees to help Django on his mission to release Broomhilda, who they later discover is a slave of Calvin Candie at his plantation CandieLand. The two men begin their journey to CandieLand and adopt a strategy in the hope to free Djangos wife. The film has been described as a spaghetti western due to the amount of violence involved as well as a Blaxploitation film. The main hero of the film is Django, a black character, and this contrasts with other 19th century Western movies where the central hero is often white, such as John Waynes character in The Searchers. It is also uncommon for a German character to be shown as the hero in this film genre. Djangos main goal is to locate and save Broomhilda from the slave trade. Although the film is violent in nature, comic relief is used throughout, for example, when Broomhilda faints at the sight of Django after he says Hey little troublemaker, to which Schultz replies you silver tongued devil, you. Pastiche is apparent when the Klansmen are preparing for a raid. The men bicker over the quality of the masks provided for them and this allows the spectator to laugh or poke fun at the characters. Humour is used as a tool to help the audience cope with gory imagery and the overall neg ative themes. Hyperreality is evident in Django Unchained as the film mimics a fictional world. Schultz tells Django about the famous German myth concerning a princess named Broomhilda who is held in captivity by a fierce dragon, until she is finally saved by her hero. This relates to Djangos main objective to free his wife and adds to the fairy-tale notion. Calvin Candies estate is referred to as CandieLand which has rather positive connotations however the harsh reality is that CandieLand is where Broomhilda and other slaves are kept as prisoners. Another aspect of postmodernity within Django is the intertextuality used, such as the reference to other films. The 1966 film Django is referenced firstly with the films title and actor Franco Nero (1966 Django) plays a cameo role. During Django and Schultzs time within the Candie mansion, Nero asks Django how he spells his name. Django replies that the letter d is silent, to which Nero replies, I know. It then becomes evident why Neros character is i mportant and his presence may spark curiosity in the viewer. In addition, Broomhilda Von Shaft is a reference to the Blaxploitation film Shaft. The soundtrack within the film is somewhat mismatched, combining a variety of different genres, and this seems unusual due to the historical period when Django is set. Costume design stands out greatly, especially during the scene were Schultz encourages Django to pick his own clothes. His first freedom outfit is extravagant and the blue suit imitates to the famous painting The Blue Boy (Gainsborough, 1770). This mimicking effect encourages a postmodern feel, and the notion of bricolage or that nothing is infinite; everything in existence is a copy of itself. Gender in cinema is significant and Django Unchained represents gender in different ways. Laura Mulvey (1975) talks about the male gaze: The determining male gaze projects its phantasy on to the female figure which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness (Mulvey, 1975, p.62). Mulveys theory can be applied to Django Unchained as the female characters do not have demanding roles or are depicted as damsels in distress. Mulvey talks about woman as image, man as bearer of the look (1975, p.62) implying the notion that female characters are admired by a male audience solely down to their physical appearance. The male characters keep the film moving forward as Django and Schultz lead the story, while supporting males are crucial to the plot such as Calvin Candie and Stephen (Samuel L. Jackson). The viewer may appreciate the visuals provided by the female however can relate more to the male characters: Voyeuristic visual pleasure is produced by looking at another (character, figure, situation) as our object, whereas narcissistic visual pleasure can be derived from identification with the (figure in the) image (Smelik, 2001, p.9). Throughout Django, the female image is displayed in soft lighting, encouraging a sense of beauty and romanticism. During these moments, for example, the hallucinations Django has of Broomhilda, the viewer appreciates the imagery and momentarily shifts away from the narrative, as the female characters appearance tends to work against the development of a story line, to freeze the flow of action in moments of erotic contemplation (Mulvey, 1975, p.62). Although Broomhilda is incredibly important to Django, her character alone is not of importance. We witness Broomhilda being whipped and beaten however it seems we are not so concerned about her wellbeing but more so the way in which this affects Djangos actions. There is an underlying notion that the women in the film are the property of the male characters (Broomhilda belongs to Django, Lara Lee (Laura Cayouette) belongs to Calvin Candie, etc.). The female characters have little dialogue compared to the male characters, implying the idea that they should be seen and not heard. It can however be argued that Broomhilda is strong and independent, due to the fact she has endured endless torture and suffering since Django has been apart from her. In addition, she has attempted to escape CandieLand without the help of Django. Mulvey describes female objectification: Woman displayed as sexual object is the leit-motif of erotic spectacle: from pin-ups to strip-tease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and signifies male desire (1975, p.62). At CandieLand, Schultz asks for alone time with Broomhilda due the fact she is fluent in German. Django had predicted earlier that she was being used as a comfort girl (a slave for sex). There is the suggestion that Schultz is expecting a sexual encounter with Broomhilda and this view is held by everyone at CandieLand aside from Django. It becomes apparent that the women are sexual objects for men and this should not be questioned but rather expected. Schultz realises that if he does not pretend this is indeed his intention with Broomhilda, there may be suspicions about him and Djangos presence. We see Broomhilda being removed from the hot box, as she is naked and continues to scream. This contrasts with the next time Broomhilda is seen; she has been dressed up to appear beautiful and presentable for Schultz emphasising the idea that her purpose is only to be looked at and her performance from earlier is unacceptable. Lara Lee is shown in a similar way, as she often appears doll-lik e and attractive, wearing elaborate dresses. She acts elegant and polite around the male characters, as though to impress them. Laura Lees behaviour relates to the idea of fetishism and the notion of these women being hyper-polished: Fetishizing the woman deflects attention from female lack and changes her from a dangerous figure into a reassuring object of flawless beauty (Smelik, 2001, p.11). Sadism is introduced in the film; this is the belief that the woman should be punished or forced to seek forgiveness within the narrative. An example of this is during the scene when Broomhilda is asked to undress and reveal her scars to the group of men in the room. Candie is determined to remind Broomhilda of her place at CandieLand, ensuring she and those in the room understand that Broomhilda belongs to him. He has branded her physically with these scars, and she has evidently been punished through such torture. She is also continuously being punished through the fact she must show herself to these men. Once Djangos identity is discovered, he wakes up to realise he has been tied upside down. A man enters, explaining he is to be castrated using a hot knife. This scene stands out as the man reveals he has received these orders from Lara Lee. This highlights male fears around the female presence; the woman is viewed as a danger or threat as well as male anxiety regarding castration. Classic cinema solves the threat of castration in one of two ways: in the narrative structure or through fetishism (Cook Bernink, 1999, p.354). The black male characters are objectified in Django Unchained, for example, during the Mandingo fighting scene. Candie demands these black slaves to fight one another, for his own pleasure. The men are dressed with little clothing and like the females, do not have any dialogue in the film nor are they given names. They are simply there to be looked at; for Candie to witness them fighting. The men often grunt throughout, implying the notion that they are animals or beasts used only to fight, as though they are being trained like dogs, which also dehumanizes them. The audience observe the fight from Candies objectifying point of view with minimal flashes of Django or Schultzs reactions, to restore the understanding of how cruel this act is. Within Candies dining room, a marble statue of two naked men fighting can be seen. Once Schultz meets Broomhilda and explains the escape plan to her, Django appears at the door however he is filmed in a seductive manner. The camera begins at Djangos feet and slowly moves upwards, scanning over his entire body. This allows the viewer to look at Django and examine him closely before dialogue is heard, and technique is unusual as it would normally be used for a female character: There is, in other words, a specific and even ritualized form of male objectification and eroticization in Hollywood cinema (Weems et al., 2010, p.83). There may be a somewhat homoerotic relationship between Candie and his loyal and oldest house slave Stephen. Stephen always supports Candie and appears desperate to please him or win his respect. Stephen is not afraid to disagree or argue with Candie, which is evident when Django arrives and Stephen is appalled that he has the same rights as a white man. Candie states that he grew up in a house full of niggers, which portrays that Stephen has perhaps raised Calvin and a further reason behind their closeness. Within CandieLand, Stephen has not suffered or been tortured in the same way other slaves have, and thus sees Django as a threat to his position. It can be argued that Stephen may be suffering from Stockholm Syndrome or has simply become brainwashed as his life at CandieLand is all he has ever known. To conclude, Django Unchained is a well written film which deals with an array of issues throughout. The film is evidently postmodern in nature, as it presents aspects of postmodern theory such as intertextuality. It can be argued that Mulveys argument relating to the male gaze is apparent due to the representation of female characters in Django, and the way in which they differ from the male characters, for example, having little dialogue or action/purpose within the films narrative. Male objectification however also manifests itself in Django, and thus the sexualisation of both genders is noticeable. References Bealer, T. (2013) Did Quentin Tarantinos Feminism Take a Step Backwards in Django Unchained? [Online] Available: http://www.genderfocus.com/2013/01/07/did-quentin-tarantinos-feminism-take-a-step-backwards-in-django-unchained/ [Accessed: 9 March 2017]. Child, B. (2012) Django Unchained Wins Over Black Audience Despite Spike Lee Criticism. The Guardian. 3 January. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/03/django-unchained-spike-lee [Accessed: 8 March 2017]. Cook, P. and Bernink, M. (1999) The Cinema Book. 1st ed. London: British Film Institute. Doyle, H. (2010) Gender, Sadism, and Masochism in the Works of Wilkie Collins. [Online] Available: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol6/iss1/34 [Accessed: 7 March 2017]. Gainsborough, T. (1770) The Blue Boy. [Oil on Canvas 178 x 112cm] Henry E. Huntington Art Gallery, San Marino. Haastrup, H. (2014) Storytelling Intertextuality. Film International. Vol.12(1), pp.85-97. Jameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. 1st ed. Durham: Duke University Press. Jencks, C. (1996) What Is Post-modernism? 4th ed. Michigan: Academy Editions. Monaco, J. (2000) How to Read A Film. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Mulvey, L. (1975) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen. [Online] Vol.16(3), p.62. Available: https://www.asu.edu/courses/fms504/total-readings/mulvey-visualpleasure.pdf [Accessed: 9 March 2017]. Rehling, N. (2010) Extra-Ordinary Men. 1st ed. Lanham: Lexington Books. Smelik, P. (2001) And the Mirror Cracked. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Tarantino, Q. (dir.) (2012) Django Unchained. [DVD] The Weinstein Company. 166 mins Weems, C., Berger, M., Wallis, B. and Watson, S. (2010) Constructing Masculinity. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, p.83. Zurbrugg, N. (1997) Jean Baudrillard, Art and Artefact. 1st ed. London: Sage.